Free NEET Biology multiple-choice questions on Excretion and Osmoregulation. Attempt each question and reveal the answer with a full explanation.
In ornithine cycle which of the following wastes are removed form the blood - CO2 and ammonia Ammonia and urea CO2 and urea Urea and urine A person suffering from diabetes insipidus shows symptoms of excessive thirst and excretion of large amounts of dilute urine. This is due to the deficiency of: Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) Insulin Glucagon Aldosterone What is the effect of the hormone Aldosterone on the nephron? Reabsorption of Na + and water from DCT Reabsorption of K + from PCT Secretion of Na + into the loop of Henle Reabsorption of glucose in PCT In the process of hemodialysis, the dialysis fluid (dialysate) has the same composition as plasma EXCEPT for: Nitrogenous wastes Glucose Electrolytes Amino acids The micturition reflex is initiated by which of the following events? Stretch receptors on the wall of the urinary bladder sending signals to the CNS Compression of the urethra by the prostate gland Inhibition of the motor neurons to the bladder Active transport of urea into the bladder A condition of rapid spasms (wild contractions) in muscles due to low Ca 2+ in body fluids is known as: Tetany Tetanus Muscular dystrophy Myasthenia gravis In the regulation of kidney function, which hormone is a powerful vasoconstrictor that increases glomerular blood pressure and GFR? Angiotensin II Atrial Natriuretic Factor Aldosterone ADH The presence of ketone bodies in urine (Ketonuria) is a common clinical indicator of: Diabetes Mellitus Diabetes Insipidus Glomerulonephritis Renal Calculi As part of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS), Angiotensin II performs which of the following functions? Powerful vasoconstriction and stimulation of Aldosterone release Vasodilation and inhibition of Aldosterone release Decreased glomerular filtration rate Excretion of Na + and water A person who is on a long hunger strike and is surviving only on water, will have. less amino acids in his urine more glucose in his blood less urea in his urine more sodium in his urine. What will happen if the stretch receptors of the urinary bladder wall are totally removed ? There will be no micturition Urine will continue to collect normally in bladder Micturition will continue Urine will not collect in the bladder Earthworms are - (1) Ureotelic when plenty of water is available (2) Uricotelic when plenty of water is available (3) Uricotelic under conditions of water scarcity (4) Ammoniotelic when plenty of water is available. Figure shows human urinary system with structures labelled A to D. Select option which correctly identifies them and gives their characteristics and/ or functions A-Adrenal gland-located at the anterior part of kidney. Secrete Catecholamines which stimulate glycogen breakdown B-Pelvis-broad funnel shaped space inner to hilum, directly connected to loops of Henle C-Medulla - inner zone of kidney and contains complete nephrons D-Cortex - outer part of kidney and do not contain any part of nephrons In mammals, which blood vessel would normally carry largest amount of urea ? (1) Renal Vein (2) Dorsal Aorta (3) Hepatic Vein (4) Hepatic Portal Vein (a) Glucose is completely reabsorbed (b) Urea is partially reabsorbed (c) Proteins are secreted into urine (d) Creatinine is secreted into urine Which of the following options, in view of above statements is correct? (a), (c) and (d) (a), (b) and (c) (b), (c) and (d) (a), (b) and (d) A large amount of about 180 L of fluid is filtered by the human kidneys per day. Which one of the following renal corpuscle features does not justify this? The efferent arteriole is wider than the afferent arteriole causing easier outflow of blood from the glomerulus. The glomerular capillaries have a large surface area The glomerular capillaries are fenestrated and hence leakier than other capillaries The glomerular capillaries have a higher blood pressure than the other capillaries of the body Which of the following statements is not true ? Loop of Henle is largely responsible for concentrated urine Descending limb of loop of Henle is impermeable to solutes Distal convoluted tubule functions in K+, Na+ homeostasis Descending limb of loop of Henle is impermeable to water Match the items given in Column I with those in Column II and select the correct option given below : ii iii i iv i ii iii iv iii ii iv i iv i ii iii Match the items given in Column I with those in Column II and select the correct option given below: v iv i ii iv i ii iii iv v ii iii v iv i iii Use of an artificial kidney during hemodialysis may result in : (a) Nitrogenous waste build-up in the body (b) Non-elimination of excess potassium ions (c) Reduced absorption of calcium ions from gastro-intestinal tract (d) Reduced RBC production Which of the following options is the most appropriate? (1) (a) and (d) are correct (2) (a) and (b) are correct (3) (b) and (c) are correct (4) (c) and (d) are correct Which of the following factors is responsible for the formation of concentrated urine? Hydrostatic pressure during glomerular filtration Low levels of antidiuretic hormone Maintaining hyperosmolarity towards inner medullary interstitium in the kidneys. Secretion of erythropoietin by Juxtaglomerular complex Which of the following would help in prevention of diuresis? Reabsorption of Na⁺ and water from renal tubules due to aldosterone Atrial natriuretic factor causes vasoconstriction Decrease in secretion of renin by JG cells More water reabsorption due to undersecretion of ADH Angiotensinogen is a protein produced and secreted by- (1) Macula densa cells (2) Endothelial cells (cells lining the blood vessels) (3) Liver cells (4) Juxtaglomerular (JG) cells Given below are two statements: one is labelled as Assertion A and the other is labelled as Reason R. Assertion A: Nephrons are of two types: Cortical & Juxta medullary, based on their relative position in cortex and medulla. Reason R: Juxta medullary nephrons have short loop of Henle whereas, cortical nephrons have longer loop of Henle. In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer from the options given below: Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A. A is true but R is false. A is false but R is true. Which of the following statements are correct? A. An excessive loss of body fluid from the body switches off osmoreceptors. B. ADH facilitates water reabsorption to prevent diuresis. C. ANF causes vasodilation. D. ADH causes increase in blood pressure. E. ADH is responsible for decrease in GFR. Choose the correct answer from the options given below: A and B only B, C and D only A, B and E only C, D and E only Which of the following diagrams is correct with regard to the proximal (P) and distal (D) tubule of the Nephron. Arrange the following events occurring in Renin-Angiotensin mechanism in the correct order: A. Increase in blood pressure and Glomerular filtration rate B. Reabsorption of Na+ and water from distal parts of tubule due to Aldosterone C. Fall in Glomerular filtration rate D. Vasoconstriction by Angiotensin II and release of Aldosterone. E. Renin converts Angiotensinogen into Angiotensin I, followed by Angiotensin II. Choose the correct answer from the options given below: A, C, E, B, D C, A, B, D, E A, D, B, E, C C, E, D, B, A The net pressure gradient that causes the fluid to filter out of the glomeruli into the capsule is - 20 mm Hg 50 mm Hg 75 mm Hg 30 mm Hg Which of the following statements about the reabsorption process in Henle's loop are correct? (a) The descending limb of Henle's loop is permeable to water but almost impermeable to electrolytes. (b) Urine gets concentrated in Henle's loop. (c) Reabsorption of Na+ and water takes place in Henle's loop. (d) Active or passive transport of electrolytes occurs in the ascending limb of Henle's loop. Choose the correct answer from the options given below: (a) and (b) only (b), (c) and (d) only (a), (b) and (c) only (a), (b) and (d) only Uric acid is the chief nitrogenous component of the excretory products of - Frog Man Earthworm Cockroach Which of the following causes an increase in sodium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule ? Increase in aldosterone levels Increase in antidiuretic hormone levels Decrease in aldosterone levels Decrease in antidiuretic hormone levels Given below are two statements : Statement I : In the nephron, the descending limb of loop of Henle is impermeable to water and permeable to electrolytes. Statement II : The proximal convoluted tubule is lined by simple columnar brush border epithelium and increases the surface area for reabsorption. In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer from the option given below : Both Statement I and Statement II are true Both Statement I and Statement II are false Statement I is true but Statement II is false Statement I is false but Statement II is true Choose the correct statement given below regarding juxta medullary nephron. Juxta medullary nephrons are located in the columns of Bertini. Renal corpuscle of juxta medullary nephron lies in the outer portion of the renal medulla. Loop of Henle of juxta medullary nephron runs deep into medulla. Juxta medullary nephrons outnumber the cortical nephrons. The JGA (Juxta Glomerular Apparatus) is a special sensitive region formed by cellular modifications in related to the same nephron. Proximal convoluted tubule and efferent renal arteriole Distal convoluted tubule and efferent renal arteriole Distal convoluted tubule and afferent renal arteriole Proximal convoluted tubule and afferent renal arteriole Accumulation of urea in the blood due to kidney malfunction is a clinical condition known as: Uremia Glycosuria Ketonuria Hematuria